Exploring the Persistence of Female Genital Mutilation: Primary Healthcare providers experience and their Perspective on Elimination.

Abstract

Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) remains widespread in Nigeria. With an estimated 19.9 million survivors, Nigeria accounts for the third highest number of women and girls who have undergone FGM worldwide. This study, therefore, aimed at identifying the factors that sustain the practice despite its illegality. Primary healthcare providers' experience and their perspectives on the elimination of FGM/C.

Methodology: This study used a descriptive qualitative design based on grounded theory. We used purposive sampling to identify and recruit primary health care providers. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted, and qualitative analysis was undertaken to develop a conceptual framework for understanding both the roots and the drivers of FGM.

Results: Historical traditions and religious rites preserve FGM and ensure its continuity, and older women and peers are a source of support for the practice through the pressure they exert. The easy movement of circumcisers across communities helps to perpetuate the practice, as does the belief that FGM will reduce promiscuity. Data collected between October and December 2023 were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Three themes exploring healthcare providers' perspectives on elimination of FGM/C were identified, namely understanding laws against FGM/C; perspectives on culturally sensitive education; and exploring public awareness raising activities in Nigeria.

Conclusion: Female Genital Mutilation continues to persist despite its illegality because of social pressure on women/girls to conform to social norms, peer acceptance, fear of criticism, and religious reasons. Implementing interventions targeting schools, religious leaders, older men, women, and strengthening Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP) will help eradicate the practice.