Effect of Hyperglycemia on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Main Article Content
Keywords
Hyperglycemia, Type 2 Diabetes, Uric Acid
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant public health problem, particularly in Nigeria, with increasing prevalence worldwide. Hyperglycemia in T2DM is associated with various metabolic disturbances, including alterations in uric acid metabolism. This study investigates the effect of hyperglycemia on the serum uric acid (SUA) levels in patients with T2DM.
Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study included 100 participants comprising 70 patients with T2DM and 30 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic individuals in the control group. Blood samples were obtained to measure fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and SUA levels. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the groups.
Results: A total of 100 participants were recruited for this study. The results indicated that diabetic patients had significantly higher fasting SUA levels (0.45 ± 0.16 mmol/L) when compared to the control group (0.28 ± 0.05 mmol/L, p = 0.02). Similarly, postprandial SUA levels were elevated in diabetic patients (0.58 ± 0.16 mmol/L) compared to controls (0.30 ± 0.06 mmol/L, p = 0.022). No statistically significant difference was observed between fasting and postprandial SUA levels within the diabetic and control groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Hyperglycemia in individuals with T2DM is significantly associated with increased serum uric acid levels. These findings show the clinical relevance of monitoring SUA in patients with type 2 diabetes.
References
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2. Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107-11..
3. Ali O. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(4):114.
4. Onwuchekwa EC, Chigbu LN, Gimbason DM, Ekeleme UG, Martin OC. Knowledge and attitude on diabetes mellitus among residents of Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Midwifery. 2020;4(2):26-37..
5. Ogbera AO. Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: the past, present, and future. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(6):905.
6. Adeloye D, Ige JO, Aderemi AV, Adeleye N, Amoo EO, Auta A, et al. Estimating the prevalence, hospitalisation and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e015424.
7. Liu D, Yun Y, Yang D, Hu X, Dong X, Zhang N, et al. What is the biological function of uric acid? An antioxidant for neural protection or a biomarker for cell death. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:4081962.
8. Yu W, Cheng JD. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: an update from molecular mechanism to clinical perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:582680.
9. Saito Y, Tanaka A, Node K, Kobayashi Y. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. J Cardiol. 2021;78:51-7.
10. Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203-34.
11. Borghi C, Agnoletti D, Cicero AFG, Lurbe E, Virdis A. Uric acid and hypertension: a review of evidence and future perspectives for the management of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension. 2022;79:1927-36..
12. Dong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu X, Yang K, Tu R, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of hyperuricemia among men and women in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Mod Rheumatol. 2020;30(5):910-20.
13. Guo K, Han Y, Liu S, Sun H, Lin X, Yang S, et al. Prevalence of and trends in hyperuricemia by race and ethnicity among US adolescents, 1999–2018. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):193..
14. Pizarro MH, Santos DC, Barros BSV, de Melo LGN, Gomes MB. Serum uric acid and renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10(1):22.
15. de Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A, Giorda C, Ceriello A, Gentile S, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of CKD in type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(11):1921-9.
16. Cook DG, Shaper AG, Thelle DS, Whitehead TP. Serum uric acid, serum glucose and diabetes: relationships in a population study. Postgrad Med J. 1986;62(733):1001-6.
17. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged men. BMJ. 1995;310(6979):560-4..
18. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(6):1446-54.
19. Tzounakas VL, Georgatzakou HT, Kriebardis AG, Papageorgiou EG, Stamoulis KE, Foudoulaki-Paparizos LE, et al. Uric acid variation among regular blood donors is indicative of red blood cell susceptibility to storage lesion markers: a new hypothesis tested. Transfusion. 2015 Nov;55(11):2659-71.
20. Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1980;26(2):227-31.
21. Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1737–42.
22. Klein BEK, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1790–4.
23. Nan H, Pang Z, Wang S, Gao W, Zhang L, Ren J, et al. Serum uric acid, plasma glucose and diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2010;7(1):40–6.
24. Purohit M, Mohankala A, Bhatt K, Masood T, Singh RK. Study of serum uric acid in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2025;11(19s):1332.
25. Nie C, Ma Q, Liu C, Chen L, Wang C, Hou X. Associations of serum uric acid to eGFR ratiowith diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Scientific Reports. 2025 May 13;15(1):16625.
26. Karim AS, Chowdhury HI, Mouree SF, Mohammad A. Correlation of Serum Uric Acid Levels with Glycaemic Control in Type II Diabetic Patients. Barind Medical College Journal. 2025 Dec 15;11(2):162-5.
27. Sumanth M, Jain M. Serum Uric Acid as a Biomarker for Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice. 2024 Dec 12;10:163-70.
28. Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25(2):210–6.
29. Ali N. Serum uric acid as a mediator of insulin resistance: molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026;9(1):e70163.
1. Venishetty S, Bhat R, Rajagopal KV. Serum uric acid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Is there a linear relationship with severity of carotid atherosclerosis? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(5):678-82.
2. Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107-11..
3. Ali O. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(4):114.
4. Onwuchekwa EC, Chigbu LN, Gimbason DM, Ekeleme UG, Martin OC. Knowledge and attitude on diabetes mellitus among residents of Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Midwifery. 2020;4(2):26-37..
5. Ogbera AO. Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: the past, present, and future. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(6):905.
6. Adeloye D, Ige JO, Aderemi AV, Adeleye N, Amoo EO, Auta A, et al. Estimating the prevalence, hospitalisation and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e015424.
7. Liu D, Yun Y, Yang D, Hu X, Dong X, Zhang N, et al. What is the biological function of uric acid? An antioxidant for neural protection or a biomarker for cell death. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:4081962.
8. Yu W, Cheng JD. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: an update from molecular mechanism to clinical perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:582680.
9. Saito Y, Tanaka A, Node K, Kobayashi Y. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. J Cardiol. 2021;78:51-7.
10. Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203-34.
11. Borghi C, Agnoletti D, Cicero AFG, Lurbe E, Virdis A. Uric acid and hypertension: a review of evidence and future perspectives for the management of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension. 2022;79:1927-36..
12. Dong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu X, Yang K, Tu R, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of hyperuricemia among men and women in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Mod Rheumatol. 2020;30(5):910-20.
13. Guo K, Han Y, Liu S, Sun H, Lin X, Yang S, et al. Prevalence of and trends in hyperuricemia by race and ethnicity among US adolescents, 1999–2018. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):193..
14. Pizarro MH, Santos DC, Barros BSV, de Melo LGN, Gomes MB. Serum uric acid and renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10(1):22.
15. de Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A, Giorda C, Ceriello A, Gentile S, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of CKD in type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(11):1921-9.
16. Cook DG, Shaper AG, Thelle DS, Whitehead TP. Serum uric acid, serum glucose and diabetes: relationships in a population study. Postgrad Med J. 1986;62(733):1001-6.
17. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged men. BMJ. 1995;310(6979):560-4..
18. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(6):1446-54.
19. Tzounakas VL, Georgatzakou HT, Kriebardis AG, Papageorgiou EG, Stamoulis KE, Foudoulaki-Paparizos LE, et al. Uric acid variation among regular blood donors is indicative of red blood cell susceptibility to storage lesion markers: a new hypothesis tested. Transfusion. 2015 Nov;55(11):2659-71.
20. Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1980;26(2):227-31.
21. Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1737–42.
22. Klein BEK, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1790–4.
23. Nan H, Pang Z, Wang S, Gao W, Zhang L, Ren J, et al. Serum uric acid, plasma glucose and diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2010;7(1):40–6.
24. Purohit M, Mohankala A, Bhatt K, Masood T, Singh RK. Study of serum uric acid in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2025;11(19s):1332.
25. Nie C, Ma Q, Liu C, Chen L, Wang C, Hou X. Associations of serum uric acid to eGFR ratiowith diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Scientific Reports. 2025 May 13;15(1):16625.
26. Karim AS, Chowdhury HI, Mouree SF, Mohammad A. Correlation of Serum Uric Acid Levels with Glycaemic Control in Type II Diabetic Patients. Barind Medical College Journal. 2025 Dec 15;11(2):162-5.
27. Sumanth M, Jain M. Serum Uric Acid as a Biomarker for Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice. 2024 Dec 12;10:163-70.
28. Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25(2):210–6.
29. Ali N. Serum uric acid as a mediator of insulin resistance: molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026;9(1):e70163.
30. Zhao M, Ma X, Xia Z, Zhang J, Zhong J, Ye P, Xu G, Qiao S, Shi S, He Y, Jiang J. Association between serum uric acid and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes: a cross- sectional study. BMJ Open. 2025 Jan 1;15(1):e087954.
31. Argoons SA, Mahmoud ET, Madkour RA. The association of serum uric acid level with metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and their relation to eGFR status. Egypt J Intern Med. 2024;36:52.
32. Cui Y, Bu H, Ma X, Zhao S, Li X, Lu S. The relation between serum uric acid and HbA1c is dependent upon hyperinsulinemia in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:9874592.
2. Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107-11..
3. Ali O. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(4):114.
4. Onwuchekwa EC, Chigbu LN, Gimbason DM, Ekeleme UG, Martin OC. Knowledge and attitude on diabetes mellitus among residents of Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Midwifery. 2020;4(2):26-37..
5. Ogbera AO. Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: the past, present, and future. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(6):905.
6. Adeloye D, Ige JO, Aderemi AV, Adeleye N, Amoo EO, Auta A, et al. Estimating the prevalence, hospitalisation and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e015424.
7. Liu D, Yun Y, Yang D, Hu X, Dong X, Zhang N, et al. What is the biological function of uric acid? An antioxidant for neural protection or a biomarker for cell death. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:4081962.
8. Yu W, Cheng JD. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: an update from molecular mechanism to clinical perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:582680.
9. Saito Y, Tanaka A, Node K, Kobayashi Y. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. J Cardiol. 2021;78:51-7.
10. Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203-34.
11. Borghi C, Agnoletti D, Cicero AFG, Lurbe E, Virdis A. Uric acid and hypertension: a review of evidence and future perspectives for the management of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension. 2022;79:1927-36..
12. Dong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu X, Yang K, Tu R, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of hyperuricemia among men and women in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Mod Rheumatol. 2020;30(5):910-20.
13. Guo K, Han Y, Liu S, Sun H, Lin X, Yang S, et al. Prevalence of and trends in hyperuricemia by race and ethnicity among US adolescents, 1999–2018. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):193..
14. Pizarro MH, Santos DC, Barros BSV, de Melo LGN, Gomes MB. Serum uric acid and renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10(1):22.
15. de Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A, Giorda C, Ceriello A, Gentile S, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of CKD in type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(11):1921-9.
16. Cook DG, Shaper AG, Thelle DS, Whitehead TP. Serum uric acid, serum glucose and diabetes: relationships in a population study. Postgrad Med J. 1986;62(733):1001-6.
17. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged men. BMJ. 1995;310(6979):560-4..
18. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(6):1446-54.
19. Tzounakas VL, Georgatzakou HT, Kriebardis AG, Papageorgiou EG, Stamoulis KE, Foudoulaki-Paparizos LE, et al. Uric acid variation among regular blood donors is indicative of red blood cell susceptibility to storage lesion markers: a new hypothesis tested. Transfusion. 2015 Nov;55(11):2659-71.
20. Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1980;26(2):227-31.
21. Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1737–42.
22. Klein BEK, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1790–4.
23. Nan H, Pang Z, Wang S, Gao W, Zhang L, Ren J, et al. Serum uric acid, plasma glucose and diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2010;7(1):40–6.
24. Purohit M, Mohankala A, Bhatt K, Masood T, Singh RK. Study of serum uric acid in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2025;11(19s):1332.
25. Nie C, Ma Q, Liu C, Chen L, Wang C, Hou X. Associations of serum uric acid to eGFR ratiowith diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Scientific Reports. 2025 May 13;15(1):16625.
26. Karim AS, Chowdhury HI, Mouree SF, Mohammad A. Correlation of Serum Uric Acid Levels with Glycaemic Control in Type II Diabetic Patients. Barind Medical College Journal. 2025 Dec 15;11(2):162-5.
27. Sumanth M, Jain M. Serum Uric Acid as a Biomarker for Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice. 2024 Dec 12;10:163-70.
28. Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25(2):210–6.
29. Ali N. Serum uric acid as a mediator of insulin resistance: molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026;9(1):e70163.
1. Venishetty S, Bhat R, Rajagopal KV. Serum uric acid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Is there a linear relationship with severity of carotid atherosclerosis? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(5):678-82.
2. Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes – global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107-11..
3. Ali O. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2013;4(4):114.
4. Onwuchekwa EC, Chigbu LN, Gimbason DM, Ekeleme UG, Martin OC. Knowledge and attitude on diabetes mellitus among residents of Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Midwifery. 2020;4(2):26-37..
5. Ogbera AO. Diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: the past, present, and future. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(6):905.
6. Adeloye D, Ige JO, Aderemi AV, Adeleye N, Amoo EO, Auta A, et al. Estimating the prevalence, hospitalisation and mortality from type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(5):e015424.
7. Liu D, Yun Y, Yang D, Hu X, Dong X, Zhang N, et al. What is the biological function of uric acid? An antioxidant for neural protection or a biomarker for cell death. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:4081962.
8. Yu W, Cheng JD. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: an update from molecular mechanism to clinical perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:582680.
9. Saito Y, Tanaka A, Node K, Kobayashi Y. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. J Cardiol. 2021;78:51-7.
10. Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203-34.
11. Borghi C, Agnoletti D, Cicero AFG, Lurbe E, Virdis A. Uric acid and hypertension: a review of evidence and future perspectives for the management of cardiovascular risk. Hypertension. 2022;79:1927-36..
12. Dong X, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu X, Yang K, Tu R, et al. Epidemiology and prevalence of hyperuricemia among men and women in Chinese rural population: the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Mod Rheumatol. 2020;30(5):910-20.
13. Guo K, Han Y, Liu S, Sun H, Lin X, Yang S, et al. Prevalence of and trends in hyperuricemia by race and ethnicity among US adolescents, 1999–2018. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):193..
14. Pizarro MH, Santos DC, Barros BSV, de Melo LGN, Gomes MB. Serum uric acid and renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes: a nationwide study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018;10(1):22.
15. de Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A, Giorda C, Ceriello A, Gentile S, et al. Serum uric acid and risk of CKD in type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(11):1921-9.
16. Cook DG, Shaper AG, Thelle DS, Whitehead TP. Serum uric acid, serum glucose and diabetes: relationships in a population study. Postgrad Med J. 1986;62(733):1001-6.
17. Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG. Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged men. BMJ. 1995;310(6979):560-4..
18. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57(6):1446-54.
19. Tzounakas VL, Georgatzakou HT, Kriebardis AG, Papageorgiou EG, Stamoulis KE, Foudoulaki-Paparizos LE, et al. Uric acid variation among regular blood donors is indicative of red blood cell susceptibility to storage lesion markers: a new hypothesis tested. Transfusion. 2015 Nov;55(11):2659-71.
20. Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G. Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine. Clin Chem. 1980;26(2):227-31.
21. Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi Y, Asumi M, Sugawara A, Totsuka K, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1737–42.
22. Klein BEK, Klein R, Lee KE. Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Beaver Dam. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1790–4.
23. Nan H, Pang Z, Wang S, Gao W, Zhang L, Ren J, et al. Serum uric acid, plasma glucose and diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2010;7(1):40–6.
24. Purohit M, Mohankala A, Bhatt K, Masood T, Singh RK. Study of serum uric acid in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2025;11(19s):1332.
25. Nie C, Ma Q, Liu C, Chen L, Wang C, Hou X. Associations of serum uric acid to eGFR ratiowith diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Scientific Reports. 2025 May 13;15(1):16625.
26. Karim AS, Chowdhury HI, Mouree SF, Mohammad A. Correlation of Serum Uric Acid Levels with Glycaemic Control in Type II Diabetic Patients. Barind Medical College Journal. 2025 Dec 15;11(2):162-5.
27. Sumanth M, Jain M. Serum Uric Acid as a Biomarker for Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Contemporary Clinical Practice. 2024 Dec 12;10:163-70.
28. Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25(2):210–6.
29. Ali N. Serum uric acid as a mediator of insulin resistance: molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026;9(1):e70163.
30. Zhao M, Ma X, Xia Z, Zhang J, Zhong J, Ye P, Xu G, Qiao S, Shi S, He Y, Jiang J. Association between serum uric acid and dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes: a cross- sectional study. BMJ Open. 2025 Jan 1;15(1):e087954.
31. Argoons SA, Mahmoud ET, Madkour RA. The association of serum uric acid level with metabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and their relation to eGFR status. Egypt J Intern Med. 2024;36:52.
32. Cui Y, Bu H, Ma X, Zhao S, Li X, Lu S. The relation between serum uric acid and HbA1c is dependent upon hyperinsulinemia in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:9874592.
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Apr 2, 2026
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Ugonabo, M., Okwor, C., Meka, I., & Musayayi, S. (2026). Effect of Hyperglycemia on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nigerian Medical Journal, 67(1), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.71480/nmj.v67i1.901
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