Correlates of Risk Factors for Hemodialysis in Kano, Nigeria
Main Article Content
Keywords
Renal replacement therapy, hemodialysis, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney injury, acute on chronic kidney failure, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Kidney diseases are on the increase, with renal replacement therapy (RRT) in the form of dialysis or kidney transplant becoming increasingly inaccessible to underserved individuals. This study aimed to identify the correlates of risk factors for hemodialysis in Kano, Nigeria.
Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to review the records of patients from Kano State enrolled for hemodialysis from January, 2019 to December, 2022.
Results: A total of 443 patients were provided with hemodialysis. More cases were identified from urban areas of the State. The minimum age of the patients was 6, and the maximum was 100, with a median of 50 (interquartile range=34, 60) years. The majority of the patients (72.0%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD), while acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute on chronic kidney disease (AOCCKD) were found in (15.6%), and (12.4%) respectively. Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of mortality and post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) was recorded among patients with AKI. While higher proportions of hypertensive and diabetic patients had CKD. However, a significantly higher proportion of patients with AOCCKD had chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
Conclusions: Hemodialysis is an important RRT. The majority of patients studied had CKD, with hypertension and DM as the major correlates for hemodialysis, followed by AKI, with PPH and sepsis as the major correlates, while AOCCKD had CGN as the major correlate. The government and all relevant stakeholders should target the preventive strategies of all the correlates and improve the quality of RRT.
References
2.Agarwal R. Defining end-stage renal disease in clinical trials: a framework for adjudication. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(6):864-867.
3.Levin A, Stevens PE, Bilous RW. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3(1):1-150
4.Pannu N, Gibney RN. Renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2005;1:141‑50.
5.Ravani P, Palmer SC, Oliver MJ, Quinn RR, MacRae JM, Tai DJ et al. Associations between hemodialysis access type and clinical outcomes: a systematic review. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Feb;24(3):465-73. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012070643.
6.Annigeri RA, Ostermann M, Tolwani A, Rangel AV, Ponce D, Bagga A, et al. Renal support for acute kidney injury in the developing world. Kidney Int Rep 2017;2:559‑78.
7.Ibrahim UM, Jibo AM, Garba RM, Jalo RI, Tsiga-Ahmed FI, Musa A, et al. Burden, socio-demographic and other risk factors associated with hemodialysis in North‑west Nigeria: A retrospective multicentre analysis. Niger Postgrad Med J 2023;30:200‑9
8.Willis K, Michael CM, Slifer S. Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) CKD work group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013;3:1‑150
9.Thongprayoon C, Hansrivijit P, Kovvuru K, Kanduri SR, Torres‑Ortiz A, Acharya P, et al. Diagnostics, risk factors, treatment and outcomes of acute kidney injury in a new paradigm. J Clin Med 2020;9:1104.
10.Tsai WC, Wu HY, Peng YS, Ko MJ, Wu MS, Hung KY, et al. Risk factors for development and progression of chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e3013.
11.De Nicola L, Chiodini P, Zoccali C, Borrelli S, Cianciaruso B, Di Iorio B, et al. Prognosis of CKD patients receiving outpatient nephrology care in Italy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:2421‑8.
12.Olanrewaju TO, Aderibigbe A, Popoola AA, Braimoh KT, Buhari MO, Adedoyin OT, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in north‑central Nigeria: A population‑based survey. BMC Nephrol 2020;21:467.
13.Cockwell P, Fisher L. The global burden of chronic kidney disease. Lancet 2020;395:662‑4.
14.Kazancioğlu R. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease: An update. Kidney Int Suppl (2011) 2013;3:368‑71.
15.Thongprayoon C, Hansrivijit P, Kovvuru K, Kanduri SR, Torres‑Ortiz A, Acharya P, et al. Diagnostics, risk factors, treatment, and outcomes of acute kidney injury in a new paradigm. J Clin Med 2020;9:1104.
16.Wu HY, Huang JW, Peng YS, Hung KY, Wu KD, Lai MS, et al. Microalbuminuria screening for detecting chronic kidney disease in the general population: A systematic review. Ren Fail 2013;35:607‑14.
17.Cozzolino M, Mangano M, Stucchi A, Ciceri P, Conte F, Galassi A. Cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018 Oct 1;33(suppl_3):iii28-iii34. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy174. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
18.Zhou Q, Zhao C, Xie D, Xu D, Bin J, Chen P, et al. Acute and acute-on-chronic kidney injury of patients with decompensated heart failure: Impact on outcomes. BMC Nephrol 2012;13:51
19.Ibrahim UM, Jibo AM; Bashir U, Aliyu, MS, Jalo RI, Zubairu, Z et al. A Multicenter Retrospective Study on Magnitude, Distribution, Socio-Demographic, and other Risk Factors Associated with Hemodialysis in Jigawa State, Northwest Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Clinical Sciences 20(2): p. 118-124, Jul–Dec 2023. | DOI: 10.4103/njbcs.njbcs_15_23 (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
20.Punch Newspaper Nigeria. Jigawa plans five free dialysis centers. (2024). Available at: https://punchng.com/jigawa-plans-five-free-dialysis-centres/%26prev%3Dsearch%26pto%3Daue&ved=2ahUKEwiB5pqt7f-JAxWfW0EAHWNsLDwQ7gF6BAgWEAo&usg=AOvVaw3tk-9Ve-g6-eALAbFtk1zD. (Accessed November 28, 2024)
21.Punch Newspaper Nigeria. Jigawa offers free healthcare to hypertension, diabetes, and sickle cell disease patients. https://punchng.com/jigawa-offers-free-healthcare-to-hypertension-diabetes-sickle-cell-patients/&ved=2ahUKEwj3k8rS7v-JAxXkWUEAHbJvM7sQFnoECBsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2ZdhRIPoBRKQViHyhbiiWD.(2024), Available at: Accessed November 28, 2024)
22.Wachukwu CM, Emem-Chioma PC, Wokoma FS, Oko-Jaja RI. Prevalence of risk factors for chronic kidney disease among adults in a university community in southern Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2015 Jun 13;21:120. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2015.21.120.7079. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
23.Oluyombo R, Ayodele OE, Akinwusi PO, Okunola OO, Akinsola A, Arogundade FA, Sanusi AA, Onayade A. A community study of the prevalence, risk factors, and pattern of chronic kidney disease in Osun State, South West Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2013 Apr-Jun;32(2):85-92
24.Oyebisi OO, Okunola OO, Jaiyesimi AE, Arogundade FA, Adelaja MA, Erohibe CE, Sanusi AA, Akinsola A. Prevalence and Pattern of Chronic Kidney Disease and its Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Community in South Western Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2018 May-Aug;35(2):109-116.
25.Okwuonu CG, Chukwuonye II, Adejumo OA, Agaba EI, Ojogwu LI. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors among adults in a semi-urban community of South-East Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2017 Apr-Jun;24(2):81-87. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_34_17. PMID: 28762361. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
26.Osafo C, Mate-Kole M, Affram K, Adu D. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients in Ghana. Ren Fail. 2011;33(4):388-92. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2011.565140. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
27.Ephraim RK, Biekpe S, Sakyi SA, Adoba P, Agbodjakey H, Antoh EO. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease among the high-risk population in South-Western Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2015 Nov 3;2:40. doi: 10.1186/s40697-015-0076-3. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
28.Hawthorne G, Lightfoot CJ, Smith AC, Khunti K, Wilkinson TJ. Multimorbidity prevalence and patterns in chronic kidney disease: findings from an observational multicentre UK cohort study. Int Urol Nephrol. 2023 Aug;55(8):2047-2057. doi: 10.1007/s11255-023-03516-1. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
29.Tangri N, Moriyama T, Schneider MP, Virgitti JB, De Nicola L, Arnold M, et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed stage 3 chronic kidney disease in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USA: results from the multinational observational REVEAL-CKD study. BMJ Open. 2023 May 22;13(5):e067386. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067386. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
30.Ibrahim UM, Jibo AM, Muazu S, Zubairu Z, Ringim SU, Namadi FA, et al. Factors associated with hypertension among adults in high burden kidney disease areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria: A cross-sectional survey. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2023 Oct-Dec;30(4):275-284. doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_214_23. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
31. Ibrahim UM, Karkarna MZ, Babura SM, Zubairu, Z, Namadi, FA; Ringim SH et al.. Prevalence of Dysglycaemia and Diabetes Mellitus amongst Adults in High-burden Kidney Disease Areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 32(5): p. 487-494, Sep–Oct 2023. | DOI: 10.4103/NJM.NJM_131_23 (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
32.Hoste EAJ, Kellum JA, Selby NM, Zarbock A, Palevsky PM, Bagshaw SM et al. Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018 Oct;14(10):607-625. doi: 10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0. PMID: 30135570. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
33.Pahwa N, Bharani R, Kumar R. Post-partum acute kidney injury. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014 Nov;25(6):1244-7. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.144259. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
34.Gaber TZ, Shemies RS, Baiomy AA, Aladle DA, Mosbah A, Abdel-Hady ES, Sayed-Ahmed N, Sobh M. Acute kidney injury during pregnancy and puerperium: an Egyptian hospital-based study. J Nephrol. 2021 Oct;34(5):1611-1619. doi: 10.1007/s40620-021-01133-8. (Accessed 15th May, 2024)
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike License 4.0. This licence allows users to download and share, remix, tweak and build upon the article for non-commercial purposes, so long as the original authorship is acknowledged and the new creations are licensed under identical terms.